Wilbur Olin Atwater Papers
Scope and Contents
The Wilbur Olin Atwater Papers comprise 12.75 linear feet of biographical information, correspondence, publications, photographs, and data sheets. The collection includes materials from 1882 through 1993, with the majority of the materials dating between 1882 and 1907. It contains details of Atwater's study of the chemical composition of various foods, and his development and experiments with respiration and bomb calorimeters. This collection is significant in documenting the history of United States Department of Agriculture as it contains early dietary guidance. Atwater was a pioneer in the study of nutrition, and many of his areas of research, including the nutritive value of foods, and the dietary and economic needs of low-income families, are still emphasized in USDA programs today.
Series I consists of research notes and materials gathered together in preparation for a new biography on Atwater, likely "W.O. Atwater: A Centenary Guide to the Life and Work of the Pioneer Nutritionist." This work, published in CD-ROM form, also contains documents and photographs both from this collection, and from the Wesleyan University Archives.
Series II contains original correspondence including copies and transcripts of Atwater's letters to his colleagues at Wesleyan including Edward Bennett Rosa, Charles Dayton Woods, Ewald Wollny, and C.A. Rosenthal, dating from 1882-1894, regarding their research at Wesleyan and Atwater's life and work in Paris. Also included is correspondence regarding Atwater, dating between 1973 and 1993. The more recent materials include correspondence between scholars regarding a biography and exhibit honoring Atwater's work. Additionally, this series contains magnetic media.
Series III contains publications by Atwater or about Atwater and his work. Atwater's works were published between 1885 and 1907, and biographical works are dated 1974 and 1993. Publications written by Atwater include United States Department of Agriculture bulletins, and an annual report of the Agricultural Experiment Station in Storrs, Connecticut. Also included are published biographies, and an unfavorable response to Atwater's work regarding the nutritional value of alcohol, published by several Christian Temperance organizations. This series also includes a paper by Atwater's daughter, Helen Atwater, titled "Economic Aspects of the Home and Family."
Series IV contains photographs of Atwater throughout his career, and of experiment subjects demonstrating the types of tasks performed within the calorimeter, such as cleaning, ironing, riding a stationary bicycle and reading. These tasks were performed inside the calorimeter in order to study the energy expended during specific activities. The calorimeter consisted of a room, with arrangements for analyzing the composition of the incoming and outgoing air, in which a subject's carbon dioxide output is measured. A later modification also allowed measurement of oxygen uptake. The series also includes numerous internal, external and detail images of Atwater's calorimeters, and of researchers at work in the lab. Additionally, this series includes photographic images of various publications and correspondence. The majority of the photographs date between 1892 and 1907.
Series V contains data sheets documenting Atwater's studies of the chemical composition of various foods. This was the beginning of a federal role in gathering and disseminating food composition data for foods eaten in the United States. The data sheets are numbered and arranged by type of food. Categories include fruits, vegetables, grains, bread, fish, dairy, and meats.
Dates
- Creation: 1865-1993
- Creation: Majority of material found within 1893-1904
Conditions Governing Access
Contact Special Collections for access.
Biographical Sketch
W. O. (Wilbur Olin) Atwater (1844-1907) became the first chief of the Office of Experiment Stations, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), in 1888. He was also the first person in the United States to conduct chemical analyses of food. As a special agent in charge of USDA nutrition programs beginning in 1891, he developed plans for experiments in the areas of nutrition, food consumption, human nutrient requirements and metabolism, and the effects of food processing on nutrient content.
Biographical / Historical
May 3, 1844: Born, Johnsburg, New York.
1865: Graduated with a general degree from Wesleyan University.
1868: Entered Yale University's Sheffield Scientific School where he studied agricultural chemistry and performed the first chemical analysis of food or feed in the United States.
1869: Completed Yale University doctoral thesis: "The proximate composition of several varieties of American maize." His interest in animal nutrition led to his research in human nutrition. Spent two years at Leipzig and Berlin studying physiological chemistry and familiarizing himself with European agricultural experiment stations.
1871: Became Professor of Chemistry at East Tennessee University (now the University of Tennessee).
1872: Became Professor of Chemistry at Maine State College (now the University of Maine).
1873: Became Professor of Chemistry at Wesleyan University.
1875: Became the first director of the first United States Experiment Station at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut.
1879-1882: Conducted extensive studies of human food for the United States Fish Commission and the Smithsonian Institute.
1887: Congress passed the Hatch Act establishing federal support of state experiment stations and a United States Department of Agriculture Office of Experiment Stations, Atwater became the first chief of the office while maintaining his professorship at Wesleyan. While chief of the Office of Experiment Stations, Atwater instituted new publications - "Experiment Station Record" and "Farmers Bulletin" - to provide research information to experiment stations and farmers.
1891: Resigned as chief of the Experiment Stations because the position entailed full-time management. Appointed special agent in charge of nutrition programs for the United States Department of Agriculture. He developed plans for studies and experiments in the areas of food nutrition, the effects of food processing on nutrient changes, food consumption studies, and human nutrient requirements and metabolism. Believing that diet and nutrition were related to labor power, health, and the moral tone of individuals, Atwater devoted his energies to extensive chemical and statistical research on the human diet, overseeing numerous food consumption studies.
Total Size of Collection
7 boxes (4 boxes, 22.25 x 15.5 x 2; 2 boxes, 12.5 x 10.5 x 5; 1 box, 15.5 x 10.25 x 5)
9 Linear Feet (7 boxes)
Language of Materials
English
Content Description
The Wilbur Olin Atwater Papers contain correspondence, photographs, publications, and data sheets related to Atwater's research in the chemical composition of foods, dietary studies, and the respiration calorimeter.
Genres
photographs
- Status
- Completed
- Description rules
- Describing Archives: A Content Standard
- Language of description
- Undetermined
- Script of description
- Code for undetermined script
Repository Details
Part of the National Agricultural Library Special Collections Repository
National Agricultural Library
10301 Baltimore Avenue
Room 309
Beltsville Maryland 20705 USA
301-504-5876